p,p'-DDE (4,4'-DDE)

p,p'-DDE (4,4'-DDE): Persistent DDT Metabolite and Androgen Receptor Antagonist

Product Overview
p,p'-DDE (also known as 4,4'-DDE) is the primary and long-lasting breakdown product of the widely known pesticide DDT. As an orally active androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, p,p'-DDE plays a significant role in disrupting endocrine functions, particularly affecting male reproductive development. With an IC₅₀ of 5 μM and a Ki value of 3.5 μM, it effectively blocks androgen-induced transcription, making it a compound of interest in toxicology and endocrine research.

Mechanism of Action
This compound works by binding to the androgen receptor and preventing its normal activation by androgens. In vitro assays have demonstrated that even at low concentrations (0.2 μM), p,p'-DDE can suppress androgen receptor-mediated gene expression, indicating its potent anti-androgenic properties.

Key Research Applications
p,p'-DDE is widely used in scientific studies investigating the impact of endocrine disruptors on male reproductive health and metabolic diseases. Elevated levels of this metabolite have also been associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women, highlighting its significance in epidemiological and metabolic disorder research.

In Vivo Studies
Animal studies have shown a range of developmental effects caused by p,p'-DDE exposure:

Prenatal exposure (100 mg/kg, oral gavage) during gestation days 14–18 leads to reduced anogenital distance and retention of thoracic nipples in male rat offspring.

Postnatal exposure (100 mg/kg from day 25 to 57) delays puberty onset and increases body weight in male rats, even without altering testosterone levels.

Short-term exposure (200 mg/kg for 4 days) significantly decreases seminal vesicle and prostate weights, and modulates the expression of genes regulated by androgens.

Chemical and Physical Properties

Molecular Formula: C₁₄H₈Cl₄

Molecular Weight: 318.03 g/mol

CAS Number: 72-55-9

Appearance: Solid, white to off-white in color

Solubility: Highly lipophilic; solubility data varies by solvent

Storage: Store at 4°C and protect from light; in solution, store at -80°C (6 months) or -20°C (1 month)

Shipping: Room temperature in the continental US; conditions may vary internationally

Why Use p,p'-DDE in Research?

Trusted reference standard for environmental toxicology and endocrine disruption

Ideal for exploring male reproductive toxicants

Crucial compound in studying DDT exposure and metabolic health

Highly stable and well-characterized metabolite for lab analysis

Important Note:
This product is intended for laboratory research use only and is not for human or veterinary applications. Handle with care and in accordance with appropriate safety protocols.